Controversy: Injun Joe and Racial Representation

From The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain
Injun Joe's characterization as a vengeful 'half-breed' villain is among the novel's most criticized elements, reflecting 19th-century racial stereotypes.
Chapter 9

Joe's introduction and motivation: revenge against the Robinson family for past humiliation, framed in racialized terms.

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Chapter 29-30

Joe's plot to mutilate the Widow Douglas as revenge for her husband's whipping him—the novel's most disturbing scene.

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